解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract:PURPOSE:To examine smoking behaviours in Taiwan and compare those behaviours to those in the USA. METHODS:Using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) of Taiwan (2001), a survey of over 20 000 participants, frequencies were calculated for smoking, ex-smoking, quantity smoked, and exposure to environmental tobacco...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2004.008011
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate Philip Morris's support of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation of tobacco products and analyse its relationship to the company's image enhancement strategies. DATA SOURCES:Internal Philip Morris documents released as part of the Master Settlement Agreement. METHODS:Searches of th...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2004.009878
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine those groups who are at increased risk of smoking related diseases, we assessed in which male and female generations smoking was more prevalent among lower educated groups than among the higher educated, in 11 European countries. DESIGN:Cross sectional analysis of data on smoking, covering the y...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2004.008573
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the incidence of off-label use of, abuse of, and dependence on prescription nicotine inhaler. DESIGN:Prospective telephone and internet interviews for six months. PARTICIPANTS:535 new inhaler users. MAIN OUTCOME:Structured interview about off-label use (that is, use of inhaler for non-cessatio...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2004.008367
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe tobacco industry efforts in Malaysia to thwart government efforts to regulate tobacco promotion and health warnings. METHODS:Systematic keyword and opportunistic website searches of formerly private tobacco industry internal documents made available through the Master Settlement Agreement and sec...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.2004.008094
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the impact of smoking on the wealth of US young baby boomers. METHODOLOGY:The research analyses self reported responses of both smoking habits and wealth holdings from a nationally representative sample of US individuals born between 1957 to 1964 (n = 8908). Data are from four waves (1984, 199...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2004.008243
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate changes since 1976 in the proportion of San Francisco pharmacies that sell cigarettes and to characterise the advertising of cigarettes and the merchandising of non-prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products in these retail establishments. METHODS AND SETTING:100 randomly selected S...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2004.007872
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe short term patterns of smoking acquisition exhibited by adolescent smokers. DESIGN:Interview records from the prospective development and assessment of nicotine dependence in youth study were examined retrospectively. Interviews were conducted three times per year over 30 months. SUBJECTS:164 st...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/tc.2003.005595
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Although numerous studies describe the quantity and nature of tobacco marketing in stores, fewer studies examine the industry's attempts to reach youth at the point of sale. This study examines whether cigarette marketing is more prevalent in stores where adolescents shop frequently. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PAR...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2003.006577
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To quantify the contribution the tobacco industry has made to foreign direct investment (FDI) in the former Soviet Union (FSU) as an indicator of its political and economic leverage; to explore the impact this has had on production capacity and tobacco control in the region. DESIGN:Data on industry investme...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.2002.002667
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the efficacy of designated "no smoking" areas in the hospitality industry as a means of providing protection from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and whether certain design features assist in achieving this end. METHODOLOGY:In the greater metropolitan region of Sydney, a representative group ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2003.005488
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The tobacco industry uses claims of state preemption or violations of the US Constitution in litigation to overturn local tobacco control ordinances. METHODS:Collection of lawsuits filed or threatened against local governments in the USA; review of previously secret tobacco industry documents; interviews wi...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2003.004176
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To summarise the evidence on adolescent and young adult prevention and cessation, and provide future directions for research. DATA SOURCES:Data were collected from published literature. Searches for adolescent prevention were conducted using PubMed, PsycInfo, and ERIC; and for cessation, PubMed, and two majo...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.12.suppl_4.iv46
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To document the development of the low tar harm reduction programme in Australia, including tobacco industry responses. DATA SOURCES:Tobacco industry documents, retail tobacco journals, newspapers, medical journals, and Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria (ACCV) newsletters and archival records. STUDY SELECTION...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii61
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To identify and explain tobacco industry strategy in undermining tobacco control measures in Finland and results of these interferences in tobacco policy development during the 1980s and early 1990s. METHODS:Tobacco industry documents, which have been publicly available on the internet as a result of litigat...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.12.4.414
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To examine adolescents' awareness of and response to an adult focused anti-smoking advertising campaign. DESIGN AND SETTING:Data were obtained from two cross sectional surveys of adolescents. The first study, a national evaluation study, involved a telephone survey of a randomly selected sample of 400 14-17...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.12.suppl_2.ii23
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Counter-advertising contests, in which children are encouraged to submit artwork promoting awareness about the harmful effects of smoking, provide an effective form of education. ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.12.3.243
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Smoking among adolescents remains unacceptably high and the difference in potential risk factors for smoking initiation between male and female adolescents has been explored. Although the association between smoking initiation and dieting behaviour has been observed among girls, the mechanism of the associat...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.12.3.289
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A fast acting, clean nicotine delivery system might substantially displace cigarettes. Public health consequences would depend on the subsequent prevalence of nicotine use, hazards of delivery systems, and intrinsic hazards of nicotine. METHODS:A spreadsheet program, DEMANDS, estimates differences in expect...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.12.2.124
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:This study assessed renters' preferences for official smoking policies in their buildings and their practices concerning restricting tobacco smoking in their apartments. DESIGN:Renters (n = 301) living in large apartment complexes in a suburb of Minneapolis, Minnesota, completed a mail survey. MAIN OUTCOME ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.12.2.189
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To support tobacco control policies in Korea by providing the estimated annual economic burden attributed to cigarette smoking. METHODS:The following two different approaches were used to estimate the cost: "disease specific" and "all causes". In the disease specific approach, we focused on estimating direct...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.12.1.37
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The zebra may seem an odd choice as a brand image for a new cigarette in Russia, but subtle tobacco marketing forces are, as always, at work. ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.12.1.89
更新日期:2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To examine the extensive research undertaken by the tobacco industry over the past 25 years toward development of a fire safe cigarette. METHODS:Research was conducted through a web based search of internal tobacco industry documents made publicly available through the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement. RES...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.11.4.346
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To describe the prevalence of tobacco smoking in an urban East African population while using a simple validation procedure to examine the degree of under reporting in men and women. DESIGN:A cross sectional population based study in adults (15 years and over) with sampling from a well maintained census reg...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.11.3.210
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a worldwide collaborative surveillance initiative that includes governments and non-governmental organisations under the leadership of the World Health Organization/Tobacco Free Initiative (WHO/TFI) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Office on Smoki...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.11.3.252
更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine if restaurant business declines or improves after the implementation of restrictive restaurant smoking policies. DESIGN:Analysis used a pre/post-quasi-experimental design that compared town meals tax receipts before and after the imposition of highly restrictive restaurant smoking policies in ad...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.11.suppl_2.ii38
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To analyse a policy dilemma in China on public health versus the tobacco economy through additional cigarette tax. METHODS:Using published statistics from 1980 through 1997 to estimate the impact of tobacco production and consumption on government revenue and the entire economy. These estimates relied on th...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.11.2.105
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rescreening of a cult children's puppet show made originally in the 1960s, showing the main characters smoking on occasion, raises questions over the appropriateness of such images for today's young viewers. ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.11.2.151
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate differences in snuff consumption, sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics between baseline intermittent smokers that had become daily smokers, stopped smoking or remained intermittent smokers at the one year follow up. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/MEASUREMENTS:A population of 12 507 i...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.11.1.61
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the claim that the tobacco industry does not market its products to youth. DESIGN:The data for this study come from tobacco industry documents collected from the tobacco industry's document websites, presently linked at http://www.tobaccoarchives.com. The websites were searched using "request for...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i5
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe variation in Tobacco Institute (TI) lobbying expenditures across states and test whether these expenditures vary in relationship to measures of tobacco control activity at the state level. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:Data for this study came from the TI's State Activities Division (SAD) annual budgets f...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i102
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:This study examines the politics of appropriating Question 1 tobacco tax revenues in the first budget year after Massachusetts voters passed the ballot initiative in 1992. The initiative increased the tobacco tax on cigarettes by 25 cents per pack and on smokeless tobacco by 25% of the wholesale price. METHO...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.10.4.309
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Risks of lung cancer and of heart disease attributable to passive smoking have been evaluated mainly in non-smokers married to smokers, but there has been little quantitative assessment of the extent of exposure in marriage partners as indicated by markers of inhaled smoke dose. OBJECTIVE:To relate plasma c...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.10.4.368
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To develop a simulation model to predict the effects of youth access policies on retail compliance, smoking rates, and smoking attributable deaths. METHODS:A model of youth access policies is developed based on empirical research and a theory of perceived risk. The model incorporates substitution into other...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.10.2.108
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the impact and costs of coverage for tobacco dependence treatment benefits with no patient cost sharing for smokers with employer sponsored coverage in two large independent practice association (IPA) model health maintenance organisations (HMOs) in California, USA. METHODS:A randomised experimenta...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/tc.10.2.175
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine if premature discharge from the US Air Force was associated with the smoking status of recruits. DESIGN AND SETTING:A total of 29 044 US Air Force personnel recruited from August 1995 to August 1996 were administered baseline behavioural risk assessment surveys during basic military training. Th...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.10.1.43
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence and correlates of cigarette smoking among adults in high mountain rural areas of northern Pakistan. DESIGN:Cross sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS:A sample of 4203 adults (aged 18 years and over) were selected by stratified random sampling from 16 villages. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Sel...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.10.1.e1
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess beliefs about the tar and nicotine delivery characteristics and health benefits of Light and Ultra Light cigarettes among cigarette smokers. DESIGN:Random digit dialed telephone survey conducted in September 1999. SUBJECTS:Daily smokers (n = 2120) of Regular (46%), Light (39%), and Ultra Light (15...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.10.suppl_1.i17
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess adults' receptivity to the Massachusetts television anti-tobacco campaign. Reactions were examined as a function of respondents' demographics, baseline tobacco control attitudes, changes in smoking status during the campaign, and advertisements' affective qualities. DESIGN:A random digit dial telep...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.9.4.401
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To learn how the tobacco industry reacted to businesses' voluntarily enacting policies to discourage tobacco use and minimise exposure of employees and patrons to secondhand smoke. DATA SOURCES:Internal tobacco industry documents discovered among those posted on the internet. Approximately 24 million documen...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.9.3.339
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00